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Marwa, a small town in Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 25.3994°N, 86.9257°E, nestled within the fertile plains of the Ganges River basin. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies and wheat fields, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The terrain is largely flat, with a gentle slope towards the south, influencing drainage patterns and potentially contributing to localised humidity. The town’s elevation is relatively low, around 75 meters above sea level, making it susceptible to stagnant air conditions. The Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges, flows nearby, though its influence on immediate air quality is more related to localised moisture than direct pollutant dispersion. Marwa’s position isn’t within a major industrial belt, but regional brick kilns and small-scale industries contribute to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Marwa is a relatively small settlement surrounded by intensely farmed land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces seasonal biomass burning, a significant factor in air pollution. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads also contributes to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during drier periods. The lack of significant natural barriers to wind flow means pollutants can accumulate or be transported relatively easily depending on prevailing weather patterns.

Marwa experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (April-June) bring high temperatures and dry conditions, exacerbating dust pollution from agricultural land and roads. Stagnant air, coupled with potential temperature inversions, traps pollutants near the ground. October-November, following the monsoon’s retreat, is often the worst period. Post-harvest burning of crop residue releases significant amounts of particulate matter, creating hazardous conditions. The monsoon season (July-September) generally offers temporary relief. Heavy rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, even during the monsoon, localised flooding can disrupt waste management, leading to increased biological pollutants. December-February sees cooler temperatures and often foggy conditions, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and winter months. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues in some. Monitoring local weather reports and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health.