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Masrakh, Bihar, situated at approximately 26.1054° N, 84.8026° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 138 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Masrakh lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly rice and maize cultivation, and is surrounded by expansive rural landscapes dotted with small villages and agricultural fields. The proximity to the Ghaghara River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to localized humidity, influencing atmospheric conditions and potentially trapping pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Masrakh is gradual, with the town acting as a local market and service center for the surrounding agricultural communities. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Masrakh’s location within Bihar means it is influenced by broader regional industrial activity, particularly from areas further west. The flat terrain limits vertical mixing of air, and the prevalence of agricultural burning during harvest seasons significantly impacts local air quality. Prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the monsoon, play a crucial role in pollutant transport, sometimes carrying emissions from distant sources. The lack of significant natural barriers further exacerbates the potential for pollutants to accumulate, especially during periods of stagnant air.

Masrakh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the planting season. This practice releases substantial quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants, often exacerbated by dry, warm conditions and temperature inversions that trap emissions close to the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, humidity levels rise significantly, which can irritate respiratory systems. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning, though often less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which severely restricts visibility and traps pollutants, leading to periods of poor air quality. The combination of low temperatures and stagnant air during winter can be particularly hazardous for vulnerable populations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly on days with dense fog or visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although high humidity should be considered. Awareness campaigns promoting sustainable agricultural practices and discouraging open burning are crucial for improving long-term air quality.