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Mukhtārpur Salkani, nestled in the Sheohar district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.6643° N, 85.7784° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes. This flatness, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of trees. Mukhtārpur Salkani sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. While it retains a distinctly rural character, its proximity to larger towns and regional transport routes introduces elements of urban influence. The Koshi River, though not immediately adjacent, influences the regional climate and hydrological cycle, contributing to humidity levels. The region’s location within the broader Indo-Gangetic Basin means it’s susceptible to pollutants transported from distant industrial belts and urban centers further north and west. Agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residue after harvest, are a significant localized contributor to particulate matter. The flat topography and relatively low wind speeds often lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during cooler months, exacerbating the impact of these emissions and hindering natural air purification processes. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits the city’s ability to shield itself from external pollution sources.

Mukhtārpur Salkani’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. High temperatures, coupled with stagnant air and the prevalent practice of crop residue burning after the winter harvest, lead to elevated levels of particulate matter. This period is generally the most challenging for respiratory health. The winter months (November-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which traps pollutants near the ground, creating conditions ripe for poor air quality. Temperature inversions, common during this time, further exacerbate the problem by preventing vertical mixing of the atmosphere. The post-monsoon season (October) sees a gradual improvement as the monsoon’s influence wanes, but lingering agricultural emissions can still impact air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous exertion are advisable. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, although occasional heavy rainfall can still impact visibility and air quality.