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Narhat, a small town in the Aurangabad district of Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat section of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Situated at coordinates 24.7774°N, 85.4237°E, its elevation is approximately 78 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, characterized by agricultural lands dedicated to rice, maize, and pulses. The Son River flows some distance to the north, offering minimal direct influence on local air currents but contributing to regional humidity. Narhat’s position isn’t within a major established industrial belt; however, brick kilns and small-scale stone crushing operations are prevalent in the surrounding areas, representing significant localised emission sources. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with a rapid transition from densely populated town centre to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces seasonal biomass burning, particularly after harvests, impacting air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities further exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. The town’s limited infrastructure and reliance on biomass fuels for cooking and heating contribute to indoor and outdoor air pollution. The geographical setting, therefore, creates conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions.

Narhat experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (March-May) bring rising temperatures and dry conditions, leading to increased dust suspension from unpaved roads and agricultural fields, and potentially higher ozone formation. Avoiding prolonged outdoor exertion during peak heat is advisable, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The arrival of the monsoon (June-September) offers temporary relief, as rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Post-monsoon (October-November) is often the worst period for air quality. Stubble burning from the rice harvest, combined with cooler temperatures and calm winds, creates a hazardous mix of smoke and particulate matter. This period demands heightened caution for vulnerable populations. Winter (December-February) sees cooler temperatures and frequent fog, exacerbating pollutant concentrations due to stable atmospheric conditions. Indoor air quality becomes a concern with increased reliance on biomass for heating. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during these peak pollution times.