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Nauāgarhi, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 25.3443° N, 86.5358° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of around 65 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter through seasonal burning practices. Nauāgarhi’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns, occasionally leading to humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient around Nauāgarhi is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, but it serves as a local trading hub for surrounding villages. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it’s within reach of industrial zones further west, and transportation corridors carrying goods to and from these areas pass nearby, contributing to vehicular emissions. The flat, expansive nature of the region, combined with agricultural activity and connectivity to broader industrial networks, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting air quality in Nauāgarhi. The lack of significant topographical features to disperse pollutants is a key challenge.

Nauāgarhi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust levels from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. November and December often see the worst conditions, coinciding with post-harvest burning of crop residue in surrounding fields, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter. The monsoon season (June to September) brings a period of relative relief. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds help disperse them. However, the monsoon also brings its own challenges; heavy rainfall can lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from decomposing organic matter, and periods of prolonged cloud cover can reduce solar radiation, impacting air quality. January and February are typically colder, with frequent fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly in November and December, limiting outdoor exposure and using appropriate respiratory protection when necessary. The transitional months of March-May and September-October offer more favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though agricultural practices still warrant vigilance.