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Nirakpurpāli, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India (25.3244° N, 84.8114° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of approximately 55 meters above sea level. This low elevation contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Nirakpurpāli is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter through crop residue burning. The city’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local meteorology, impacting humidity levels and potentially affecting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Nirakpurpāli is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural hamlets blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region experiences indirect impacts from industrial activity concentrated further west, in areas like Barauni, which can contribute to transboundary pollution events. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often result in pollutants originating from these distant sources being transported towards Nirakpurpāli, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits the city’s ability to naturally dilute or disperse airborne contaminants.

Nirakpurpāli’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by high levels of particulate matter. This is largely due to agricultural practices; farmers often burn crop residue after the harvest to clear fields for the next planting season, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions are also common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as increased rainfall and stronger winds naturally cleanse the air, dispersing pollutants and reducing concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as winds weaken and the conditions become more conducive to pollutant accumulation. December and January are often characterized by dense fog, which further traps pollutants and reduces visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The months of November and December, with their frequent fog, pose a particular challenge, requiring heightened awareness and preventative measures.