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Nokha, situated in the Rohtas district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Plains. Located at 25.1015°N latitude and 84.1228°E longitude, the city’s terrain is largely flat alluvial land, typical of the region, with a modest elevation contributing to relatively stagnant air conditions. The Son River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to localized fog formation, which can trap pollutants. Nokha’s urban character is that of a developing town, transitioning from a predominantly agricultural economy to one with emerging small-scale industries and increasing vehicular traffic. Surrounding Nokha are extensive agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to rice and wheat cultivation, with seasonal crop residue burning being a significant factor. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with surrounding villages relying on Nokha as a regional hub for commerce and services. This concentration of activity, coupled with the flat topography, hinders natural dispersion of pollutants. The proximity to larger industrial belts further east, while not immediately adjacent, contributes to regional background pollution levels that impact Nokha’s air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities also adds to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during the drier months. The overall geographical setting predisposes Nokha to air quality challenges.

Nokha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (April-June) see rising temperatures and dry conditions, exacerbating dust pollution from construction and roads. Stagnant air masses and temperature inversions frequently trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in July brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. Post-monsoon (October-November) is often the worst period for air quality. Crop residue burning following the harvest season adds significant smoke and particulate matter to the atmosphere, coinciding with cooler temperatures and calmer winds that prevent dispersion. Winter (December-February) sees consistently poor air quality due to temperature inversions, fog, and continued burning of biomass for heating. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. March offers a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up. Avoiding outdoor exertion during peak pollution times, particularly evenings, is advisable. Investing in air purifiers for indoor use is recommended for vulnerable individuals.