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Pariharpur, nestled within the state of Bihar, India, at coordinates 26.7114°N, 85.6797°E, occupies a largely rural landscape characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The terrain is predominantly flat alluvial soil, a depositional feature of the Ganges River system, influencing both agricultural practices and drainage patterns. Situated approximately 100km east of Patna, Pariharpur’s air quality is significantly shaped by its regional position. The surrounding area is intensely agricultural, dominated by rice and wheat cultivation, with associated seasonal biomass burning contributing to particulate matter. While not directly adjacent to a major industrial belt, the broader Bihar region experiences industrial activity concentrated around Patna and other urban centres, with pollutants potentially transported by prevailing winds. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Pariharpur itself is a relatively small town with a population of 17,810, but is increasingly connected to larger urban networks. The lack of significant topographical features – hills or forests – limits natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating local emissions. Proximity to the Ganges River offers some moisture, but doesn’t provide substantial air cleansing. Dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads further compounds the air quality challenges, particularly during drier periods. This combination of factors creates a unique vulnerability to air pollution.

Pariharpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, typically sees the worst conditions. The cessation of monsoon rains coincides with increased agricultural burning to clear fields after the harvest, releasing substantial smoke and particulate matter. Cooler temperatures and calm winds during these months promote temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. December and January bring some relief as wind speeds generally increase, but persistent cold air can still lead to localised pollution build-up. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, are characterised by rising temperatures and dust storms, elevating particulate matter concentrations. The monsoon season, from June to September, offers the cleanest air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also trap some pollutants. For sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – avoiding outdoor activity during October-November is strongly advised. March-May also requires caution. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as short-term spikes can occur even during generally cleaner periods.