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Phulparās, nestled in the Sheohar district of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 26.3549° N, 86.4908° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – rice and maize cultivation are prevalent – forming a strong urban-rural gradient. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of particulate matter, including crop residue burning, which can significantly impact air quality. Phulparās sits within a region experiencing a humid subtropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the proximity to the Kamala River and other smaller tributaries influences local humidity and can affect the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s relatively small size (population 11,358) suggests a primarily rural character, with limited industrial activity within Phulparās itself. However, its location within Bihar places it within reach of larger industrial belts further west, and transportation corridors carrying goods and people can introduce pollutants from external sources. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to stagnant air conditions, exacerbating the impact of local and regional pollution sources.

Phulparās experiences a distinct seasonal cycle impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most challenging period. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to a build-up of particulate matter. Agricultural practices, particularly the widespread burning of crop residue after the harvest season (November-December), are a major contributor to elevated pollution levels. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, periods of calm weather can lead to localized pollution episodes. The transition months of March-May see rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall, often accompanied by dust storms originating from the northwest, adding to the particulate load. Fog, prevalent during the winter months, significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of crop residue burning and fog. Outdoor activities are best avoided during these times, and the use of masks is recommended. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, although vigilance is still advised during periods of stagnant weather.