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Pīrnagar, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.5982° N, 86.7178° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Pīrnagar’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, exacerbate air quality issues through humidity and stagnant air. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural belt, while economically important, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, particularly during the post-harvest period. The urban–rural gradient around Pīrnagar is gradual, with agricultural activities extending relatively close to the city limits. The region's climate is subtropical, with hot summers and cool winters, impacting atmospheric mixing and dispersion. Further complicating matters, Pīrnagar lies within a broader industrial belt extending along the Ganges, with several manufacturing facilities and transportation corridors contributing to regional air pollution. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, often trapping pollutants and creating localized hotspots. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the natural dispersal of emissions, making Pīrnagar vulnerable to poor air quality episodes.

Pīrnagar’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by stagnant air, high temperatures, and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Agricultural burning after the winter harvest significantly contributes to this period’s pollution. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall flush out pollutants, significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of pollutants from stagnant water. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as winds weaken and agricultural burning resumes. Fog, common during the winter months (December-February), further exacerbates the problem by trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. During the monsoon, while air quality is generally better, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen counts. The combination of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices creates a complex interplay that significantly impacts Pīrnagar’s air quality throughout the year, demanding proactive mitigation strategies.