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Raisāri, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 26.1319° N, 87.0238° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 65 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Raisāri’s regional setting is crucial; it lies within a zone heavily influenced by agricultural practices, with extensive rice and wheat cultivation dominating the surrounding landscape. This agricultural activity, while vital for the local economy, introduces significant sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. The urban–rural gradient around Raisāri is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. While Raisāri itself is a relatively small settlement with a population of around 18,117, its proximity to larger urban centers and industrial belts in Bihar, though not immediately adjacent, means it is susceptible to the long-range transport of pollutants. The lack of significant natural barriers, such as hills or mountains, further exacerbates this issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily across the region. The absence of major rivers directly bordering Raisāri limits the natural cleansing effect of water bodies, further influencing local air quality dynamics. The flat, expansive landscape and agricultural dominance create a unique set of challenges for maintaining clean air.

Raisāri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by a combination of factors. Agricultural residue burning intensifies dramatically as farmers clear fields after the winter harvest, releasing vast quantities of smoke and particulate matter. Simultaneously, rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create atmospheric stability, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period is particularly challenging for vulnerable populations. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, as increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flush out pollutants. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution can arise from construction activities and vehicular emissions. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a return to elevated pollution levels, albeit generally less severe than the pre-monsoon peak, as agricultural burning resumes on a smaller scale. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. While temperatures are lower, the stagnant air and fog exacerbate the impact of existing pollution sources. Outdoor activities are best avoided during the early morning hours in winter due to dense fog and high pollutant concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should take extra precautions throughout the year, particularly during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. The interplay of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the town’s geographic location creates a complex air quality profile.