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Rajauli, Bihar, situated at approximately 24.64°N, 85.50°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial soil deposits left by the Kosi River and its tributaries, contributing to its agricultural prominence. Located roughly 70 kilometers southwest of Patna, Bihar’s capital, Rajauli acts as a crucial transport hub, benefiting from its proximity to major roadways and rail lines connecting eastern Uttar Pradesh to Bihar. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly rural, dominated by expansive agricultural fields cultivating crops like rice, maize, and pulses. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, contributes to localised air quality challenges through the burning of crop residue after harvest. The urban–rural gradient around Rajauli is gradual, with small villages and agricultural hamlets blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 118 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region’s groundwater table is high, influencing humidity levels and potentially impacting the dispersion of airborne particles. The absence of significant industrial belts directly within Rajauli is somewhat mitigating, though emissions from nearby industrial areas and vehicular traffic remain key factors influencing local air quality.

Rajauli’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse emissions. Humidity levels are high during this period, which can slightly reduce the perceived severity of air pollution, though it can also exacerbate respiratory issues for some. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often the most challenging, characterized by hot, dry conditions and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice after the winter harvest, significantly contributes to this pre-monsoon pollution peak. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures begin to cool, but the lingering effects of agricultural burning can still impact air quality. Winter months (December-February) are typically foggy, which further restricts the dispersion of pollutants and can lead to periods of poor visibility and elevated pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods and wearing appropriate respiratory protection. The monsoon offers the most favourable period for outdoor activities, though high humidity should still be considered.