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Rāni, a small city nestled within the state of Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat expanse of the Indo-Gangetic Plain at coordinates 25.5564°N, 85.9021°E. Its elevation, typical of the region, is low-lying, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. Rāni’s position isn’t near major industrial belts, but regional brick kilns and smaller-scale industrial activity contribute to localised emissions. The Phalgu River flows nearby, but its influence on air quality is limited due to its seasonal flow and the prevailing wind patterns. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Rāni is surrounded by villages and agricultural land, meaning pollutants generated within the city have less space to dissipate before impacting surrounding communities. The city’s compact size and limited green spaces further exacerbate the concentration of airborne pollutants. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities adds to the particulate load, particularly during the drier months. The geography, therefore, creates a scenario where pollutants can easily accumulate, impacting local air quality.

Rāni experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (April-June) bring high temperatures and stagnant air, leading to a build-up of particulate matter from dust and local emissions. This is often worsened by agricultural burning as fields are prepared for the next crop. The arrival of the monsoon (July-September) provides temporary relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Post-monsoon (October-November) is often the worst period for air quality. Cooler temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, and the practice of burning crop residue after the harvest intensifies, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) sees consistently poor air quality due to temperature inversions and the continued use of biomass for heating and cooking. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. Avoiding peak hours and wearing masks can offer some protection. The monsoon months generally offer the best air quality, but even then, localised pollution sources can still be a concern.