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Rasauli, Bihar, situated at approximately 26.1270° latitude and 84.8378° longitude, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 58 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Rasauli lies within a predominantly rural landscape, surrounded by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural burning. The proximity to the Ghaghara River, though providing a water source, also influences local humidity and can affect atmospheric stability, sometimes exacerbating pollution under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient around Rasauli is gradual; the town itself represents a small, localized urban center within a larger agricultural matrix. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Rasauli, however, larger industrial areas in surrounding districts can contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat, expansive nature of the plain allows for long-range transport of pollutants, meaning air quality can be influenced by sources far beyond the immediate vicinity. The lack of significant topographical barriers further limits natural dispersion of pollutants, making Rasauli susceptible to episodes of poor air quality, especially during unfavorable weather patterns.

Rasauli’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and strong winds that effectively flush the atmosphere. However, even during the monsoon, humidity can trap certain pollutants near the ground. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is often the most challenging, characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap cooler air near the surface, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants and leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gases. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly contributes to this pre-monsoon pollution peak. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures begin to cool, but the lingering effects of agricultural burning can still be noticeable. Winter months (December-February) are often marked by fog, which further restricts visibility and traps pollutants close to the ground, creating conditions conducive to poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The humid monsoon season can exacerbate respiratory issues for some, so maintaining hydration and avoiding exposure to stagnant water is important.