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Rasaunk, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.55°N, 86.51°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, resulting in minimal elevation changes – a factor that can exacerbate air pollution accumulation. Rasaunk lies within a region heavily influenced by the Ganges River basin, though the town itself is not directly adjacent to the river; its proximity, however, means it’s subject to the broader hydrological patterns of the region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily rice and wheat cultivation, interspersed with smaller villages and scattered groves. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods when crop residue burning is common. To the west, one finds the gradual transition towards the Chota Nagpur Plateau, a more undulating terrain that can sometimes influence wind patterns and dispersal of pollutants. Rasaunk’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, with a relatively low population density. The urban–rural gradient is subtle, with agricultural fields essentially bordering the town limits. The absence of major industrial zones within Rasaunk itself is somewhat mitigating, but the town’s location within Bihar means it is susceptible to pollution drift from larger industrial areas further afield, particularly those concentrated along major transportation corridors. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to stagnant air conditions, especially during cooler months, hindering pollutant dispersion.

Rasaunk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural practices, specifically the widespread burning of crop residue after the harvest of winter crops, contribute heavily to particulate matter during this period. The winter months (November-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which further restricts atmospheric mixing and exacerbates pollution. The stagnant air and reduced sunlight during these months can lead to a build-up of pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall decreases and wind speeds pick up, but lingering fog can still impact air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Periods of heavy fog should be avoided entirely, as visibility is reduced and pollutant concentrations are likely elevated. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also provide some protection during these challenging times. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.