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Riga, situated in the state of Bihar, India (coordinates 26.6553°N, 85.4420°E), is a small urban centre with a population of approximately 29,974. The city occupies a relatively flat portion of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a vast alluvial plain formed by the Ganges and its tributaries. This terrain contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice, wheat, and sugarcane. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application. Riga’s proximity to the Koshi River, a notoriously shifting and flood-prone river, influences local humidity and can contribute to stagnant air conditions. While not a major industrial hub itself, Riga is within reach of larger industrial areas in Bihar, meaning long-range transport of pollutants is a factor. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the city is quickly surrounded by rural farmland. This proximity means that seasonal agricultural practices directly impact the air quality within Riga. The lack of significant topographical features – hills or forests – hinders natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution episodes. The city’s location within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, known for its poor air quality, predisposes it to higher pollution levels.

Riga experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months (March to May) are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, but also promote the build-up of pollutants before the monsoon rains arrive. Dust storms, common in this region, significantly elevate particulate matter. The monsoon season (June to September) brings temporary relief as rainfall washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon (October to November) sees a resurgence of pollution as temperatures drop and wind speeds decrease, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period coincides with increased agricultural burning after the harvest. Winter (December to February) is characterized by consistently poor air quality due to stagnant air, low temperatures, and continued burning of biomass for heating and cooking. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and October-February. Avoiding peak hours and using masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local conditions is crucial.