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Saghar Sultānpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River basin. Located at approximately 26.1583° latitude and 84.7570° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter through seasonal burning practices. Saghar Sultānpur’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly around the town; dense agricultural land quickly gives way to scattered villages and then to more extensive farmland. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Saghar Sultānpur, however, the broader region of Bihar experiences industrial activity, and emissions from these sources can be transported via prevailing winds. The flat topography and lack of significant natural barriers exacerbate the potential for long-range transport of pollutants, making the town susceptible to regional air quality events. The climate is subtropical, with hot, humid summers and mild winters, further impacting atmospheric mixing and pollutant dispersion. The soil composition, largely alluvial, also influences dust generation, a significant contributor to particulate pollution.

Saghar Sultānpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. High temperatures and low wind speeds create atmospheric stability, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to less favourable conditions, with cooler temperatures and calmer winds, again promoting pollutant accumulation. The winter months (December-February) are generally the clearest, although fog, a frequent occurrence, can reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should prioritize protective measures. Public health advisories are crucial during peak pollution periods, emphasizing the importance of indoor air quality and minimizing exposure to outdoor sources. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices creates a complex dynamic influencing Saghar Sultānpur’s air quality throughout the year.