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Sakardih, a small town in the Gaya district of Bihar, India, occupies a relatively flat section of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Situated at coordinates 25.2280°N, 85.3546°E, its elevation is modest, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies and small-scale farming, typical of the region. Sakardih’s position within Bihar places it within a densely populated state experiencing rapid, often unplanned, urbanization. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town is influenced by the broader hydrological network of the Ganges basin, impacting local humidity and potential for stagnant air masses. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Sakardih is surrounded by villages, creating a mix of biomass burning from agricultural waste and domestic fuel use. The proximity to Gaya, a larger urban centre, also introduces potential for regional pollution transport. Limited industrial activity within Sakardih itself is offset by the presence of brick kilns and stone crushing units in the wider Gaya district, contributing to particulate matter pollution. The terrain offers little topographic relief to break up or disperse pollutants, making the town susceptible to air quality issues, particularly during calmer weather conditions. This geographical setting fundamentally shapes Sakardih’s air quality profile.

Sakardih’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a peak in pollution. The receding monsoon leaves behind stagnant air, coupled with increased biomass burning from harvested crops and the onset of cooler temperatures leading to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter, December to February, is typically the most polluted time, with consistently poor dispersion due to stable atmospheric conditions and continued reliance on solid fuels for heating. March and April bring a slight improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, but dust storms are common, increasing particulate matter. The pre-monsoon months, May and June, are hot and dry, with localized dust pollution. The monsoon season, July to September, generally offers the cleanest air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, high humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-February. March-April requires caution due to dust. The monsoon offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but vigilance regarding waterborne diseases is essential.