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Saksohāra, a small town nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ganges River basin. Located at approximately 25.3635° N, 85.7013° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Saksohāra’s proximity to the Ganges River, while providing a vital water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, facilitate the transport of pollutants downstream. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, with rice and maize being primary crops, leading to seasonal agricultural burning which significantly impacts air quality. The urban–rural gradient around Saksohāra is gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just under 12,000, but it serves as a local market center for surrounding villages. Further afield, the region is characterized by a mix of agricultural fields and small industrial units, often involved in processing agricultural products. These industries, while contributing to the local economy, can be sources of localized air pollution. The lack of significant topographical features—hills or valleys—means there is limited natural dispersion of pollutants, making Saksohāra vulnerable to poor air quality episodes, especially when combined with unfavorable meteorological conditions. The flat terrain also increases the potential for dust storms, further degrading air quality.

Saksohāra’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by stagnant air and increased agricultural burning. Farmers clearing crop residue after the harvest contribute significantly to particulate matter pollution. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall wash away accumulated pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from inundated areas. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as agricultural burning resumes, though generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are often characterized by fog, which further exacerbates air quality issues by trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the town’s geographic setting creates a complex interplay that influences Saksohāra’s air quality throughout the year. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during periods of elevated pollution.