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Salīmpur, a small city nestled within the plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position at coordinates 25.2480°N, 86.2347°E. The terrain is characteristically flat, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with a low elevation contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The city’s location is deeply interwoven with the agricultural landscape of Bihar, being surrounded by intensely cultivated farmland, primarily rice and wheat fields. This agricultural dominance introduces seasonal biomass burning, a major contributor to localised air pollution. The proximity to the Gandak River, while providing a vital water source, also creates conditions conducive to fog formation during cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Salīmpur isn’t situated near major industrial belts, but regional brick kilns and small-scale industrial activity contribute to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, quickly transitioning to rural agricultural lands. This proximity means pollutants generated within Salīmpur are not readily diluted by larger air masses, and are also impacted by agricultural practices in the surrounding areas. The lack of significant topographical features hinders natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution episodes. Understanding this interplay of geography and land use is crucial for addressing Salīmpur’s air quality challenges.

Salīmpur experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers a temporary respite from pollution, as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October-November sees a significant deterioration in air quality due to post-monsoon stagnation, cooler temperatures, and the widespread practice of agricultural residue burning after the harvest. This period is particularly hazardous. Winter (December-February) brings frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, and fog further reduces visibility and exacerbates respiratory issues. January and February are typically the worst months for air quality. March-May witness rising temperatures and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads, leading to elevated particulate matter levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, precautions against dampness and mould are advised. Avoiding peak hours near roadways and construction sites is always prudent.