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Sisai, nestled within the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position at coordinates 26.1899°N, 84.5643°E. The town’s landscape is characteristic of the Gangetic plains, a relatively flat alluvial terrain formed by the deposition of sediments from the Himalayan rivers. Situated at an elevation of approximately 80 meters above sea level, Sisai experiences a humid subtropical climate. The surrounding region is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and small-scale farming dominating the land use. The proximity to the Gandak River, a major tributary of the Ganges, influences local humidity and can contribute to localised fog formation during cooler months. While Sisai itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its location within Bihar places it downwind of larger industrial areas in other districts, potentially impacting air quality. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Sisai is a relatively small town surrounded by rural villages, meaning biomass burning for cooking and heating in these surrounding areas is a significant factor. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads also contributes to particulate matter in the air. The town’s relatively low elevation and flat terrain can exacerbate pollution build-up, limiting natural dispersion of pollutants.

Sisai’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall and cooler temperatures lead to increased stability in the atmosphere, trapping pollutants near the ground. Biomass burning for warmth and agricultural residue disposal after the harvest season significantly contributes to particulate matter during these months. December and January represent the coolest months, often with foggy conditions that further impede pollutant dispersion. February and March see a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase. The pre-monsoon months of April and May are typically the hottest and driest, with dust storms becoming more frequent, elevating particulate matter levels. The monsoon season, from June to September, generally brings the cleanest air due to rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and April-May. Avoiding peak hours near roads and agricultural areas is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as weather patterns can vary.