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Srīnagar, situated in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a unique and challenging geographic position. Located at 26.7830° N, 84.3018° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Gangetic plains, but its proximity to the foothills of the Himalayas significantly influences its microclimate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by fertile agricultural land, a patchwork of fields cultivated with rice, wheat, and maize, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. The city’s location within the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain means it’s part of a broader regional air pollution hotspot. While Srīnagar isn't directly adjacent to a major river, groundwater sources are vital, and agricultural runoff can impact local water quality, indirectly affecting air quality through dust resuspension. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities transitioning quickly to urban development. The elevation, though low, experiences temperature inversions during the colder months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Industrial activity is limited within Srīnagar itself, but nearby industrial belts in Bihar contribute to regional pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat topography limits natural air dispersion, exacerbating the impact of local and regional pollution sources. The city’s urban character is defined by a mix of traditional housing and modern development, with increasing vehicular traffic adding to the air quality burden.

Srīnagar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically from July to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively scrubbing the atmosphere and lowering pollutant concentrations. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (April-June) often witnesses a concerning rise in air pollution due to increased agricultural activities, including crop residue burning. Farmers clearing fields after harvest contribute significantly to particulate matter, creating hazy conditions. The winter months (November-February) are particularly challenging. Cold temperatures and frequent fog lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. This inversion layer inhibits vertical mixing, resulting in stagnant air and elevated concentrations of pollutants. The lack of wind during these months further compounds the problem. Spring (March) offers a brief respite as temperatures begin to rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon and spring seasons, although pollen counts can be high during spring. The combination of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and the regional geography creates a complex air quality profile for Srīnagar.