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Sukhsena, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India (25.7952° N, 87.1089° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an average elevation of approximately 35 meters above sea level. This low elevation contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Sukhsena is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – which, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop burning. The proximity to the Ganges River, though offering a crucial water source, also influences local meteorology, impacting humidity levels and potentially affecting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Sukhsena is relatively gradual; smaller villages and agricultural hamlets blend seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While Sukhsena itself is a small urban centre, it lies within a broader regional network connected to larger industrial zones further west, potentially experiencing some downwind pollution transport. The flat topography and lack of significant natural barriers exacerbate this, limiting the natural cleansing of the atmosphere. The surrounding landscape, largely agrarian, means that agricultural practices have a direct and measurable impact on the city’s air quality, particularly during harvest seasons. The region's climate, characterized by hot summers and a distinct monsoon season, further complicates atmospheric dynamics and pollutant behaviour.

Sukhsena’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoonal climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. Humidity levels rise, and the frequent rainfall acts as a natural scrubber. October and November mark a transitional period, with a gradual decrease in rainfall and a return to calmer conditions. This, coupled with continued agricultural burning, can lead to a resurgence of poor air quality. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog formation. The fog traps pollutants, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly on days with dense fog. During the monsoon, outdoor activities are generally safer, but vigilance is still advised, especially during periods of heavy rainfall or flooding which can release mould and other allergens. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year.