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Sumbha, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.5789° N, 86.3608° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of eastern India. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with gentle undulations defining the surrounding landscape. Sumbha lies close to the Son River, a major tributary of the Ganges, influencing local microclimates and potentially impacting humidity levels. The region is heavily agricultural, with vast expanses of farmland dedicated to crops like rice, maize, and pulses, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. To the west, one finds the Kaimur Hills, a range of sandstone hills that can influence wind patterns and trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Sumbha’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. The proximity to industrial zones in nearby cities like Sasaram, though not immediately adjacent, can still contribute to regional air pollution transport. The flat topography and relatively low elevation (around 118 meters above sea level) exacerbate the potential for pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape, dominated by agricultural fields and scattered rural settlements, means that agricultural practices and regional industrial activity significantly shape Sumbha’s air quality profile. The lack of significant natural barriers further limits dispersion of pollutants.

Sumbha’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the monsoon and agricultural practices. The monsoon season, typically from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and lowering pollution levels. However, the pre-monsoon period (March-May) is often characterized by a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and rising temperatures. This period frequently sees increased dust from agricultural activities and construction, alongside emissions from local transportation and small-scale industries. The post-monsoon season (October-November) presents a complex scenario. While rainfall decreases, the burning of crop residue after the harvest season significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations. This practice, common across Bihar, creates a dense haze that can persist for weeks. Winter months (December-February) are typically the most challenging, with cooler temperatures leading to temperature inversions – a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air (and pollutants) near the ground. Fog is also prevalent during this time, further reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the post-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and wearing appropriate masks. The monsoon offers the most favourable period for outdoor activities, while the pre-monsoon period requires heightened awareness and preventative measures.