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Telmar, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.4237° N, 85.4358° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. This low-lying topography, with an elevation of roughly 118 meters (387 feet) above sea level, contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, a patchwork of fields cultivated with rice, wheat, and pulses, which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter through seasonal burning practices. Telmar’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a crucial water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Telmar is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural areas, meaning that agricultural emissions and dust from unpaved roads are readily transported into the urban environment. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Telmar’s location within Bihar places it within reach of industrial activity in surrounding districts, and the transportation of goods to and from these areas contributes to vehicular emissions. The flat, expansive nature of the region, combined with limited natural barriers, allows for the widespread dispersal of pollutants, but also makes the city susceptible to regional air quality events.

Telmar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust levels from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during the colder months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter and strong winds dispersing pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and stagnant air, briefly hindering dispersion. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is often characterized by high temperatures and dry winds, leading to a surge in dust and biomass burning from agricultural residue, creating particularly poor air quality conditions. October and November see a gradual improvement as the monsoon recedes and temperatures begin to cool. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air or dust storms. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during the peak of the dry season, especially during the early morning and late evening when pollutants tend to concentrate. The transitional months of March-April and September-October require careful monitoring of local conditions and adherence to public health advisories.