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Telwa, a small town in the Gaya district of Bihar, India, sits at coordinates 25.8796°N, 86.3837°E. The landscape is characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain – a flat, fertile alluvial plain formed by the Ganges and its tributaries. Telwa’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Phalgu River, a sacred tributary of the Ganges, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. Surrounding Telwa are predominantly agricultural lands, primarily rice and wheat cultivation, with increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides that can contribute to particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Telwa itself is a concentrated settlement amidst a largely agrarian hinterland. While not a major industrial hub, the proximity to Gaya city and its associated industrial activity, along with brick kilns common in the region, introduces a source of emissions. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural practices is a significant contributor to PM10 levels. The town’s geographical position, coupled with regional weather patterns, creates conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation, particularly during the cooler, drier months. The flat terrain hinders natural ventilation, exacerbating air quality issues.

Telwa experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The winter months (November to February) are typically the worst, with stagnant air masses and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds and frequent fog further worsen conditions, leading to increased respiratory problems. March and April bring some relief as temperatures rise and winds pick up, dispersing pollutants, but dust storms associated with pre-monsoon activity can temporarily elevate particulate matter. The monsoon season (June to September) generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. October sees a gradual deterioration as the monsoon retreats and agricultural burning increases, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the winter months and periods of agricultural burning is advisable. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor exercise. Monitoring local weather patterns and being mindful of agricultural practices are crucial for protecting health. The post-monsoon period requires vigilance due to the potential for stagnant air.