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Tetāri, a small town nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.3757° N, 87.0691° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Tetāri’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, also influences local weather patterns and can, under certain conditions, exacerbate air quality issues. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, with rice and maize being primary crops, leading to seasonal agricultural burning which contributes to particulate matter pollution. The urban–rural gradient around Tetāri is gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just over 13,000, but it serves as a local market center for surrounding villages. Further afield, the region is characterized by a mix of agricultural fields and small industrial units, primarily involved in food processing and related activities. These industries, while providing local employment, can be sources of localized air pollution. The lack of significant topographical features means that Tetāri is susceptible to the transport of pollutants from larger urban centers in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, making regional air quality patterns a crucial factor in its own air quality profile. The flat terrain also limits natural dispersion of pollutants, especially during stagnant weather conditions.

Tetāri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and strong winds that effectively flush the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, intensifies particulate matter pollution during this period. The post-monsoon season (October-November) also presents challenges, with cooler temperatures and calmer winds contributing to pollutant accumulation, although generally less severe than the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by frequent fog, which further restricts visibility and traps pollutants, creating a hazy and potentially unhealthy environment. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. The monsoon offers the most favourable period for outdoor pursuits, although even then, localized pollution from agricultural practices can occur. Maintaining awareness of prevailing wind conditions and avoiding areas near agricultural fields during burning season is advisable for all residents.