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Rājim, a small city nestled in the heart of Chhattisgarh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Bastar Plateau. Located at coordinates 20.9650°N, 81.8817°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and forested landscapes typical of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The surrounding area is predominantly rural, dominated by agricultural lands – primarily rice cultivation – and dense Sal forests. Rājim is situated near the banks of the Sondur River, a tributary of the Godavari, which influences local humidity and can contribute to localised temperature inversions. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the increasing mining activity in the Bastar region, particularly iron ore extraction, contributes to regional dust pollution that can impact Rājim. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Rājim serves as a market town for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localised emissions. The city’s elevation, around 250 meters above sea level, moderates temperatures but doesn’t prevent the build-up of pollutants during calm weather conditions. The geographical isolation and limited dispersal of air masses exacerbate the impact of local emission sources, making Rājim particularly vulnerable to air quality issues. The dense vegetation, while beneficial, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Rājim experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The monsoon season, typically from June to September, generally offers the cleanest air due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October and November see a deterioration in air quality as the monsoon retreats, and agricultural burning for land preparation becomes prevalent, releasing significant smoke and pollutants. This period is often marked by stagnant air and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter, from December to February, brings cooler temperatures and calmer winds, exacerbating pollution from household burning of biomass for heating and cooking. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. March to May is the driest and hottest period, with dust storms and increased vehicular emissions contributing to poor air quality. Strong winds can offer temporary relief, but overall, this is the most challenging time for air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during these peak pollution months and consider using air purifiers indoors.