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Dalūpura, nestled within the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India (28.6004°N, 77.3194°E), is a rapidly urbanising locality with a population of 132,628. The city’s geography is characterised by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a flat alluvial terrain formed by the sediment deposition of the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. This flatness hinders natural dispersion of pollutants. Dalūpura’s elevation is relatively low, around 216 meters, contributing to temperature inversions, particularly during winter. The Yamuna River flows nearby, but its water quality is heavily compromised, and it doesn’t offer significant air purification. Surrounding Dalūpura are extensive agricultural lands to the east and south, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. To the west and north lie densely populated urban areas and industrial belts, including those associated with manufacturing and construction. The urban-rural gradient is steep, with a rapid transition from agricultural fields to concrete structures. This proximity to both agricultural and industrial sources, combined with the plain topography and frequent meteorological conditions that trap pollutants, creates a challenging air quality environment. The lack of significant natural wind corridors exacerbates the problem, making Dalūpura particularly vulnerable to pollution build-up. The city’s growth is outpacing infrastructure development, further compounding these issues.

Dalūpura experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. October to February represents the most polluted period. Cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds during these months further hinder dispersion. The practice of stubble burning in surrounding agricultural areas after the harvest season in November significantly worsens air quality. January and February often see dense fog, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. March and April offer a brief respite as temperatures rise and winds pick up, washing away some pollutants. However, dust storms are common during this period, increasing particulate matter. The monsoon season, from July to September, brings significant rainfall, effectively cleansing the air and providing the cleanest air quality of the year. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. May and June are intensely hot and dry, with potential for localised dust pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-February and take precautions during dust storm events. Monitoring conditions and limiting exertion during peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health.