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Benaulim, a coastal village in South Goa, India, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 15.2700°N, 73.9346°E, the terrain is largely flat, gently sloping towards the Arabian Sea. With a population of 13,408, Benaulim is characterized by a strong urban-rural gradient; it’s a densely populated tourist destination interwoven with agricultural land, primarily rice paddies and coconut groves. The village lies within the Salcete taluka, known for its high population density and intensive land use. Proximity to the sea introduces a constant supply of saline air, influencing local microclimates. Unlike heavily industrialized areas, Benaulim’s pollution sources are more diffuse, stemming from vehicular traffic serving tourism, construction activities, and seasonal biomass burning in surrounding agricultural areas. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lateritic soil, common in the Western Ghats region, and a network of rivers and estuaries. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the broader Goa region experiences some industrial activity further inland, with potential for long-range transport of pollutants. The coastal location means wind patterns play a crucial role in dispersing, or concentrating, pollutants, particularly during calmer periods. This interplay of factors creates a complex air quality profile.

Benaulim’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall and strong winds, effectively scouring the atmosphere and resulting in the cleanest air of the year. This period sees a significant reduction in particulate matter and other pollutants. However, increased humidity can foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. October to November marks the post-monsoon season, with decreasing rainfall and calmer winds, leading to a gradual build-up of pollutants from local sources. December to February is the peak tourist season, coinciding with drier conditions and temperature inversions, which trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality due to increased traffic and construction. March to May, the pre-monsoon period, experiences rising temperatures and dust from construction, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak tourist season and pre-monsoon months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds can bring pollutants from inland areas. Avoiding peak traffic hours and staying hydrated are also recommended.