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Chāng, a small town nestled in Haryana, India (28.8808° N, 76.2427° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its location, approximately 170 kilometers southwest of Delhi, places it within a region characterized by a relatively flat alluvial terrain, a legacy of the ancient Ghaggar-Hakra river system. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast stretches of cultivated land supporting crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane. This intensive agricultural activity, coupled with the prevalence of stubble burning post-harvest, contributes significantly to regional air pollution. Chāng’s elevation is modest, around 220 meters above sea level, which, combined with the flat topography, limits natural air dispersion. The town sits on the edge of a gradual urban–rural gradient, experiencing increasing influence from nearby industrial zones and the sprawling Delhi-NCR metropolitan area. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region’s groundwater resources are vital for irrigation, and occasional flooding can impact local conditions. The lack of significant natural barriers, such as hills or forests, further exacerbates the challenges in maintaining clean air, as pollutants readily spread across the plains. The proximity to major transportation corridors also contributes to vehicular emissions, impacting local air quality. The prevailing winds, often calm during certain periods, can trap pollutants, leading to localized air quality degradation.

Chāng’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by regional meteorology and agricultural practices. The dry winter months (November to February) consistently present the most challenging conditions. Stubble burning, a widespread practice after the harvest of rice and wheat, releases massive quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants, creating a dense haze that blankets the region. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap these pollutants near the ground, further worsening air quality. Fog, frequently occurring in December and January, reduces visibility and exacerbates the impact of pollutants. Spring (March-May) brings a slight improvement as winds increase, dispersing some of the accumulated pollutants, although dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally degrade air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) offers a period of relative respite, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitating dispersion. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and increased humidity. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual deterioration as agricultural activities ramp up in preparation for the winter harvest. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using air purifiers when possible. During the peak pollution periods, it's advisable to avoid strenuous outdoor activities and wear masks to filter particulate matter. The transition months of October and November are particularly concerning, requiring heightened vigilance.