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Chhāra, a small city in Haryana, India, sits at coordinates 28.6957°N, 76.7072°E, within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This plain is characterised by flat, alluvial terrain, formed by the deposition of sediments from the Himalayan rivers. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to the potential for temperature inversions that trap pollutants. Surrounding Chhāra is a predominantly agricultural landscape, with wheat and rice being major crops. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning, especially after harvests. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with Chhāra representing a concentrated pocket of population and activity amidst the surrounding farmland. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the city’s groundwater resources are crucial, and water management practices impact dust levels. The proximity to larger industrial hubs like Panipat and Sonipat, to the east and south respectively, means Chhāra can experience transboundary pollution. Prevailing winds often carry pollutants from these areas, exacerbating local air quality issues. The lack of significant natural barriers to wind flow allows pollutants to disperse, but also means the city is vulnerable to regional pollution events. The city’s small size means emissions are concentrated, impacting local air quality disproportionately.

Chhāra’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is typically the most polluted. Stubble burning from the rice harvest peaks during this time, releasing massive amounts of particulate matter. Cooler temperatures and calmer winds create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants near the ground. December and January bring colder temperatures and frequent fog, further exacerbating pollution through temperature inversions. These conditions limit dispersion and increase concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. The summer months, from April to June, generally offer some respite, with higher temperatures and stronger winds aiding in pollutant dispersal, though dust from construction and road traffic remains a concern. The monsoon season, from July to September, provides the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to reduced sunlight and photochemical smog formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-November and December-January. Monitoring local conditions and limiting strenuous exercise on poor air quality days is crucial for protecting health.