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Gohna, Haryana, situated at approximately 29.13°N, 76.90°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Yamuna River and its tributaries. This low-lying topography, averaging around 218 meters (715 feet) above sea level, contributes to a natural tendency for air pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Gohna’s location within Haryana places it within a region heavily influenced by agricultural practices, with vast stretches of farmland surrounding the urban area. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones means that seasonal burning of crop residue (stubble burning) is a significant contributor to regional air pollution, impacting Gohna directly. The city lies within the broader Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region) influence zone, experiencing spillover effects from the larger metropolitan area’s industrial activity and vehicular emissions. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the historical presence of the Yamuna and its associated drainage patterns have shaped the landscape. The urban–rural gradient around Gohna is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from built-up areas to agricultural fields, which can exacerbate pollution episodes as pollutants are trapped between the urban core and the surrounding rural landscape. The lack of significant elevation changes and the prevailing wind patterns often lead to a stagnation of pollutants, particularly during cooler months, making Gohna vulnerable to poor air quality events.

Gohna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and regional activities. The dry, cool months of October through February present the most challenging period. Stubble burning, a widespread practice following the harvest of crops like paddy, releases massive quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants, significantly degrading air quality. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, further intensifying the problem. Fog, frequently occurring in winter, reduces visibility and hinders pollutant dispersion. March to May marks the transition to pre-monsoon conditions, with rising temperatures and occasional dust storms. While winds generally increase, the overall air quality remains moderate due to persistent regional pollution. The onset of the monsoon season (June to September) brings a welcome respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse them. This is typically the period with the best air quality. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from construction activities and vehicular emissions can occur. October sees a gradual decline in air quality as the monsoon recedes and agricultural burning begins. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities and using air purifiers when possible. During the pre-monsoon period, staying indoors during dust storms is advisable. The monsoon offers a window of relatively cleaner air, but vigilance regarding localized pollution sources remains important.