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Jagādhri, a city in Haryana, India, occupies a strategic position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, at coordinates 30.1680°N, 77.3010°E. The terrain is largely flat, typical of this vast alluvial plain, with a gentle slope towards the southeast. Situated approximately 150 meters above sea level, Jagādhri benefits from relatively good drainage, but is susceptible to the regional climate patterns. The city is nestled between the foothills of the Shivalik range to the north and east, and the plains stretching towards Delhi and beyond. This proximity to the Shivaliks influences local wind patterns and can contribute to the trapping of pollutants during calm conditions. Jagādhri’s location is heavily influenced by its agricultural surroundings; the region is a significant producer of sugarcane and wheat. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. Furthermore, Jagādhri is a key industrial hub, particularly for paper and steel, contributing significantly to the local economy but also acting as a source of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The absence of large bodies of water nearby means limited natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating air quality challenges. The city’s growth, coupled with industrial activity and agricultural practices, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting its air quality.

Jagādhri experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Winter, from November to February, is typically the most polluted period. Low temperatures create strong temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, and calm winds hinder dispersion. Fog further exacerbates the situation, increasing particulate matter concentration. Outdoor activity should be minimized during these months, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) sees rising temperatures and dust storms, leading to increased levels of coarse particulate matter. May is often particularly challenging. The arrival of the monsoon in late June/early July brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity aids settling. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to localized pollution build-up. Post-monsoon (September-October) sees a gradual return to drier conditions and a rise in pollution, driven by agricultural stubble burning in surrounding areas and the resumption of industrial activity. October is often a period of worsening air quality. The relatively mild and dry winter months (December-January) are the least favourable for outdoor activity, while the monsoon season offers the best air quality, though vigilance is still needed.