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Jīnd, a city nestled in Haryana, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 29.3167° N, 76.3167° E, its terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Indus and Ganges river systems. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to wheat and rice cultivation, interspersed with pockets of scrubland and sparsely wooded areas. Jīnd’s elevation is relatively low, around 220 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during cooler months. The city’s proximity to the Shivalik Hills to the north creates a rain shadow effect, influencing precipitation patterns and potentially trapping pollutants. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region’s groundwater resources are vital for irrigation, and the agricultural practices associated with them can contribute to air pollution through the burning of crop residue. The urban–rural gradient around Jīnd is gradual, with smaller towns and villages blending seamlessly into the agricultural landscape. This close proximity to agricultural zones, combined with the city’s location within a broader industrial belt in Haryana, creates a complex interplay of factors that significantly impact air quality. The flat topography and limited natural ventilation exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, especially when coupled with meteorological conditions that inhibit dispersion. The regional position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a known hotspot for air pollution, further compounds these challenges.

Jīnd’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of meteorological factors and regional pollution sources. The winter months (November to February) consistently present the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Coupled with frequent fog, a common occurrence during this period, visibility is reduced, and pollutants accumulate, creating a hazardous environment. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice to clear crop residue, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this time. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert to the west can occasionally degrade air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from waterlogged areas. Finally, the pre-monsoon period (October) often mirrors the conditions of late winter, with stagnant air and agricultural burning contributing to a resurgence of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter and pre-monsoon months, limiting outdoor activity and using air purifiers when possible. Maintaining indoor air quality is crucial during periods of high pollution.