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Karnāl, situated in the fertile plains of Haryana in northern India, occupies a strategic position approximately 125 kilometers north of Delhi within the National Capital Region's extended influence. The city lies at an elevation of around 240 meters above sea level on the flat alluvial plains of the Indo-Gangetic basin, with the Yamuna River flowing about 20 kilometers to the east, though its moderating effect on local climate is minimal. Karnāl's geography places it squarely within one of South Asia's most intensive agricultural zones, surrounded by vast wheat and rice paddies that significantly influence its air quality through seasonal crop residue burning. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with the compact city core giving way to expansive farmland, creating a pollution dynamic where urban emissions blend with agricultural sources. Karnāl's position along the Grand Trunk Road and proximity to major industrial clusters in Panipat and Sonipat means it experiences transboundary pollution from both the Delhi metropolitan region and Haryana's industrial belt. The flat terrain inhibits natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate, particularly during calm winter conditions when temperature inversions trap emissions near the ground. This geographic setting makes Karnāl vulnerable to both local pollution from its growing urban infrastructure and regional haze from agricultural and industrial activities across the plains.

Karnāl's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by the monsoon cycle and winter meteorological conditions. During winter (November to February), pollution peaks dramatically as cold temperatures create persistent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface, compounded by increased biomass burning for heating and agricultural residue burning from surrounding farms. December and January are particularly hazardous, with dense fog and smog reducing visibility and elevating particulate concentrations—sensitive groups should avoid outdoor activities during morning hours when pollution is most concentrated. Spring (March to May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, though occasional dust storms from the Thar Desert can cause temporary spikes in coarse particles. The monsoon season (June to September) offers the cleanest air as heavy rains wash pollutants from the atmosphere and strong southwesterly winds provide ventilation—this is the optimal time for outdoor activities. Post-monsoon (October) sees a rapid deterioration as agricultural burning resumes and meteorological conditions become stagnant. Residents with respiratory conditions should monitor air quality forecasts closely from October through February, use air purifiers indoors, and schedule essential outdoor activities for afternoons when pollution typically disperses slightly. The seasonal transition periods in October and March require particular vigilance as changing wind patterns can bring unpredictable pollution episodes.