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Mandi Dabwali, a town nestled in the southwestern expanse of Haryana, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the semi-arid plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 29.9477° N, 74.7322° E, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 218 meters (715 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of cultivated fields supporting crops like wheat, cotton, and sugarcane – a key factor influencing local air quality. Mandi Dabwali functions as a crucial trading hub, or 'mandi,' for agricultural produce, attracting significant vehicular traffic and contributing to localized pollution. Its proximity to the industrial belt of Punjab, particularly areas around Ludhiana, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds, exacerbating air quality challenges. The urban–rural gradient around Mandi Dabwali is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the town's periphery. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the town benefits from groundwater resources, vital for irrigation and sustaining the agricultural economy. The lack of significant natural barriers, combined with the flat topography, allows for the easy dispersion of pollutants under favourable meteorological conditions, but also traps them during periods of atmospheric stability. The town's growth, driven by its agricultural importance, has led to increased vehicular emissions and construction activities, further impacting the local air quality profile. The regional climate, characterized by hot summers and cool winters, also plays a role in pollutant behaviour.

Mandi Dabwali’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by regional weather systems and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) typically experience the poorest air quality. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts dispersion, concentrating particulate matter. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice for clearing crop residue after the harvest of crops like paddy, significantly contributes to elevated levels of smoke and pollutants during this time. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitating their removal. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from agricultural fields, a potent greenhouse gas. The post-monsoon period (October) often sees a brief respite before the onset of winter and the return of unfavourable conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers. Farmers should explore alternative residue management techniques to minimize burning and its impact on air quality. Public health advisories are crucial during peak pollution periods, emphasizing preventative measures and promoting awareness of air quality risks.