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Mūnak, a small town nestled in Haryana, India (29.5203° N, 76.8401° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its location, approximately 45 kilometers southwest of Chandigarh, places it within a region characterized by fertile alluvial plains formed by the Indus and Ganges river systems. The terrain is predominantly flat, with gentle undulations, typical of the plains. Elevation is relatively low, hovering around 230 meters above sea level, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily wheat and rice cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered industrial units. This agricultural intensity, coupled with localized brick kilns and occasional burning of crop residue, represents a significant source of particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient around Mūnak is gradual, with agricultural land transitioning seamlessly into residential areas. While Mūnak itself lacks major surface water bodies within its immediate vicinity, it draws water from groundwater sources and is influenced by the larger Yamuna River basin further east. The town’s proximity to the Delhi-Chandigarh highway also introduces vehicular emissions, contributing to the overall air quality profile. The flat topography and prevailing meteorological conditions often lead to stagnant air masses, particularly during cooler months, exacerbating the impact of local pollution sources and hindering dispersion.

Mūnak’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by regional climate and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) consistently present the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and significantly reducing vertical mixing. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts dispersion and intensifies the impact of emissions. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice following the harvest of rice and wheat, releases substantial quantities of particulate matter and gases, dramatically worsening air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert to the west can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June to September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds promoting ventilation. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from agricultural lands. The post-monsoon period (October) is a transitional phase, with decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures, but still relatively cleaner air compared to winter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers. During periods of agricultural burning, even healthy individuals should minimize strenuous outdoor activities and wear appropriate masks.