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Nārnaul, situated in the Mahendragarh district of southern Haryana, occupies a strategic yet environmentally vulnerable position within the semi-arid plains of Northwest India. The city's urban character is defined by a blend of historic administrative architecture and expanding residential peripheries, all set against a backdrop of an intense urban–rural gradient. Geographically, the terrain is predominantly flat, though it is influenced by the proximity of the Aravalli Range to the south, which provides a modest geological barrier but does little to shield the town from regional atmospheric pollutants. This location is critical to its air quality; the town lies in a transitional zone between the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic basin and the arid reaches of the Thar Desert. Consequently, the surrounding landscape is a mix of intensive agricultural zones—primarily wheat and mustard cultivation—and barren, sandy patches. The lack of significant water bodies or dense forest cover means there is minimal natural filtration of airborne particulates. This openness makes Nārnaul susceptible to the influx of mineral dust and agricultural smoke. The city's elevation is relatively low, contributing to the stagnation of air masses during periods of low wind speed. As a result, the atmospheric profile is often dominated by coarse particles from the surrounding soil and fine particulates from biomass combustion, creating a complex pollution signature that reflects both its agricultural dependencies and its precarious position in a drying landscape. Indeed, the town's layout facilitates the rapid movement of pollutants across its open corridors.

The air quality in Nārnaul follows a rigorous seasonal cycle driven by the Indian monsoon and regional agricultural practices. During the scorching summer months, the city experiences the Loo, hot and dry winds that sweep across the plains, elevating coarse particulate matter as mineral dust is lofted from the arid soil. While heat is the primary stressor, the air is often cleared by sudden, violent pre-monsoon dust storms. The monsoon season, spanning June to September, provides the most significant relief; heavy rainfall effectively scrubs the atmosphere, leading to the lowest pollution levels of the year. However, as autumn arrives in October and November, air quality deteriorates sharply. This peak is driven by the regional practice of crop residue burning, where smoke from surrounding farms settles over the town, exacerbated by falling temperatures. Winter brings the most hazardous conditions; thick fog and temperature inversions act as a lid, trapping pollutants, vehicle emissions, and domestic heating smoke close to the ground. This creates a persistent smog that lingers for weeks. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should strictly limit outdoor exertion during these winter months and the post-monsoon burning window. Outdoor activities are best reserved for the rainy season or the early spring before the summer heat intensifies. Protecting the respiratory system during November and December is essential, as the combination of cold air and stagnant pollutants increases the risk of acute respiratory infections and chronic bronchial irritation for the local population.