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Narwana, situated in the Jind district of Haryana, India, occupies a crucial position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its coordinates (29.6167°N, 76.1117°E) place it in a relatively flat, alluvial terrain, characteristic of this vast agricultural heartland. The city’s elevation is modest, averaging around 220 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Narwana is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, though the seasonal Ghaggar River flows nearby, occasionally impacting local humidity and wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensely cultivated agricultural lands, primarily wheat and rice, with increasing mechanisation. This agricultural activity, alongside smaller-scale brick kilns and local industries, contributes significantly to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Narwana serves as a market town for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localised pollution hotspots. The city’s location within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, known for its stagnant air masses, exacerbates pollution challenges, particularly during winter months. Dust storms originating from the western Rajasthan desert also frequently impact air quality. The regional connectivity via road and rail further concentrates emissions within and around the city.

Narwana experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Summer (April-June) brings high temperatures and dry winds, leading to increased dust suspension and elevated particulate matter levels. While temperatures can be oppressive, wind speeds offer some dispersion. The monsoon season (July-September) provides temporary relief, with rainfall effectively washing away pollutants, resulting in the cleanest air of the year. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Autumn (October-November) marks a critical period. As temperatures drop, a stable atmospheric layer often forms, trapping pollutants near the ground – a temperature inversion. Combined with crop residue burning from surrounding agricultural fields, this leads to severe smog conditions. December-February are the most challenging months, characterised by cold temperatures, fog, and minimal wind. This creates a persistent build-up of pollutants, particularly PM2.5 and PM10. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Spring (March) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, but lingering pollutants remain a concern. Avoiding peak hours and wearing masks during high-pollution periods is advisable.