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Rānia, a small town nestled in the Mahendergarh district of Haryana, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 29.53°N, 74.83°E, Rānia’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the ancient Ghaggar-Hakra river system, a paleohydrological remnant of the Saraswati River. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, primarily cultivating wheat, mustard, and cotton, interspersed with scattered villages and rural settlements. Rānia’s proximity to the Aravalli Range, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and contributes to localized microclimates. The town sits at a relatively low elevation, around 220 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air quality issues by limiting atmospheric dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Rānia is gradual, with agricultural activities dominating the immediate periphery. The town’s location within Haryana, a state known for its industrial development and agricultural intensity, places it within a region experiencing considerable environmental pressures. The presence of nearby industrial belts, particularly those related to manufacturing and processing, contributes to regional pollution sources. The flat topography and limited natural barriers hinder the effective dispersal of pollutants, leading to a tendency for localized air quality degradation, especially during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions. The Ghaggar-Hakra river, though now largely a seasonal flow, historically shaped the landscape and continues to influence groundwater resources and local drainage patterns.

Rānia’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological factors and regional agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) typically present the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and resulting in periods of poor visibility and elevated particulate matter. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts atmospheric mixing and exacerbates the problem. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice for clearing crop residue after the harvest of crops like wheat and mustard, significantly contributes to particulate pollution during these months. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of pollutants from stagnant water sources. The post-monsoon period (October) often sees a return to poorer air quality as agricultural burning resumes in preparation for the winter crop. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also be beneficial. Awareness campaigns promoting sustainable agricultural practices and responsible waste management are crucial for mitigating the long-term impacts of air pollution on Rānia’s residents.