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Nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas, Kasumpti, Himachal Pradesh, occupies a geographically significant position within the Solan district. Located at approximately 31.07°N, 77.18°E and an elevation of around 1,500 meters (4,921 feet), the town’s terrain is characterized by steep slopes and undulating hills, typical of the Shivalik range. This rugged landscape significantly influences local air circulation patterns. Kasumpti sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the east, it blends into agricultural lands, primarily cultivating apples, potatoes, and other temperate crops, while to the west, the landscape rises sharply into forested hills. The proximity to the Beas River, flowing several kilometers to the south, provides a degree of moisture and influences local microclimates, though its impact on air quality is less pronounced than the topography. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Kasumpti’s location within Himachal Pradesh, a state experiencing increasing tourism and some light industrial development, means it is susceptible to regional pollution drift. The surrounding landscape, dominated by deciduous forests and agricultural fields, can contribute to particulate matter, particularly during agricultural burning seasons. The valley’s enclosed nature, coupled with the Himalayan barrier to the north, can trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed, creating conditions conducive to poor air quality. The town’s relatively small population (21,345) suggests a primarily residential character, though increasing vehicular traffic associated with tourism and regional connectivity is a growing concern.

Kasumpti’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate and Himalayan influences. The monsoon season, typically from July to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon months (April-June) often witness a concerning rise in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices as farmers clear crop residue, combined with stagnant air masses and temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the valley. October and November, the post-monsoon period, can also experience elevated pollution levels as cooler temperatures and calmer winds prevail. Winter (December-March) presents a mixed picture. While cold temperatures can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, the increased frequency of northerly winds originating from the Himalayas can sometimes disperse pollutants. Fog, a common occurrence during winter mornings, exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants close to the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion during peak pollution episodes. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable. Public awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reducing vehicular emissions are crucial for mitigating the seasonal air quality challenges faced by Kasumpti.