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Arsali, nestled within the state of Jharkhand, India, occupies a geographically significant position in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Located at approximately 24.3754° N latitude and 83.5903° E longitude, the town’s elevation of around 300 meters above sea level contributes to a generally stable atmospheric layer, which can, unfortunately, exacerbate pollution events. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and dense forests, typical of the eastern plateau region. This proximity to forested areas, while providing a natural carbon sink, also introduces biomass burning as a potential source of particulate matter, particularly during drier periods. Arsali’s rural setting means it experiences a gradual urban–rural gradient, with agricultural lands dominating the immediate periphery. The region is part of a broader agricultural belt, with rice and maize cultivation being prevalent, which can lead to seasonal dust and ammonia emissions. While Arsali itself lacks major heavy industries, it’s situated within a region experiencing increasing industrial development, with mining and related activities occurring in nearby areas. This regional industrial activity contributes to transboundary pollution, impacting Arsali’s air quality. The town’s relative isolation, coupled with the plateau’s topography, can limit the dispersion of pollutants, leading to localized air quality challenges. The lack of significant water bodies in the immediate vicinity further reduces the potential for natural air cleansing through precipitation and humidity.

Arsali’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased humidity, which helps to wash particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a significant deterioration in air quality. High temperatures, low humidity, and stagnant air conditions frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, contributes substantially to particulate matter pollution during this time. The post-monsoon season (October-November) is characterized by cooler temperatures and calmer winds, which can again lead to pollutant accumulation, although generally less severe than the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are often foggy, further restricting atmospheric mixing and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although occasional heavy rainfall can still impact visibility. Maintaining awareness of local conditions and adhering to public health advisories is crucial for mitigating potential health risks associated with seasonal air quality fluctuations. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices significantly shapes Arsali’s air quality throughout the year.