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Barhī, nestled within the state of Jharkhand, India, occupies a geographically significant position in the eastern Indian landscape. Located at coordinates 24.3045°N, 85.4195°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by the undulating plateau lands typical of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. This region is rich in mineral resources, historically driving industrial activity. Barhī itself is a relatively small urban centre with a population of approximately 13,111, exhibiting a strong urban-rural gradient as it transitions into surrounding agricultural lands. The Barakar River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and other crops dominating the plains. However, the presence of coalfields and related industries within Jharkhand, though not immediately adjacent to Barhī, contributes to regional background pollution levels. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads also plays a role. The city’s elevation, while not extreme, influences air dispersion patterns, and the relatively flat terrain can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during calm weather conditions. The interplay of these factors creates a unique microclimate impacting air quality.

Barhī experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures and dry winds stir up dust from agricultural lands and construction, while stagnant air masses exacerbate pollution. October and November, following the monsoon’s retreat, also see a deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, generally brings relief. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to localised smog formation. December to February sees relatively cleaner air, though biomass burning for warmth can cause temporary spikes in pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are also advisable. The monsoon offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but vigilance regarding waterborne diseases is essential.