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Gomoh, nestled in the eastern Indian state of Jharkhand, occupies a geographically significant position within the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Located at coordinates 23.8735°N, 86.1516°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the plateau region. The elevation, averaging around 350 meters (1148 feet) above sea level, influences local weather patterns and pollutant dispersion. Gomoh is a crucial railway junction, a characteristic that has driven its urban development and, concurrently, contributed to localised air pollution. The surrounding landscape is a mix of forested areas, particularly sal forests, and agricultural land, primarily focused on rice cultivation. The proximity to the Damodar River valley, though not immediately adjacent, impacts humidity levels and can contribute to stagnant air conditions during certain times of the year. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Gomoh is a concentrated urban centre surrounded by predominantly rural agricultural communities. Industrial activity, including coal-based industries in nearby regions like Dhanbad, exerts a considerable influence on the regional air quality, with prevailing winds often carrying pollutants towards Gomoh. The city’s location within a bowl-shaped valley can exacerbate pollution build-up, hindering natural ventilation.

Gomoh experiences a distinct seasonal air quality narrative. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a peak in pollution due to stagnant air and the burning of agricultural residue. Cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter, December to February, brings consistently poor air quality, with low wind speeds and increased reliance on solid fuel for heating. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, witness rising temperatures and dust storms, elevating particulate matter levels. May is typically the worst month before the rains arrive. The arrival of the monsoon in June offers a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to reduced sunlight and potential build-up of secondary pollutants. September sees a gradual deterioration as the monsoon weakens. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during peak pollution periods and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring local weather forecasts is crucial for planning outdoor activities.