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Hoshiarpur, nestled in the state of Jharkhand, India (23.7735° N, 85.8132° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a typical feature of the plateau landscape, resulting in varying elevations that influence local wind patterns and air circulation. Situated approximately 180 kilometers northeast of Ranchi, the state capital, Hoshiarpur benefits from proximity to the Brahmaputra River basin, though the immediate vicinity lacks major waterways. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – interspersed with pockets of dense deciduous forests, characteristic of the Eastern Ghats ecosystem. This agricultural activity, coupled with the presence of small-scale industries within and around the city, contributes to localized pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with rural agricultural lands dominating the periphery. The plateau's geology, composed largely of Precambrian rocks, influences soil composition and dust generation, a significant factor in particulate matter pollution. The city’s location within a relatively enclosed basin can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the monsoon patterns, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, but their effectiveness is limited by the topography. The region's industrial belt, though not as extensive as in other parts of Jharkhand, includes mining operations and processing units, adding to the complexity of the air quality profile.

Hoshiarpur’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the interplay of monsoon patterns and temperature variations. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as consistent rainfall and strong winds effectively flush out particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Humidity levels are high during this period, which can slightly reduce the perception of air quality issues, although secondary pollutants can still form. The transition months of October and November see a gradual decrease in rainfall and a rise in temperature, often accompanied by increased agricultural burning in surrounding fields, leading to a noticeable increase in smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December to February) presents the most challenging period for air quality. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and creating stagnant air conditions. Fog is common, further reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. This combination results in elevated levels of pollutants, particularly during the early morning hours. Spring (March to May) witnesses a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms, common during this period, can temporarily degrade air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of smoke exposure during the transition months.