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Lātehār, nestled within the state of Jharkhand in eastern India, occupies a geographically significant position in the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Located at coordinates 23.7442°N, 84.4998°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and forested areas, typical of the plateau’s landscape. The elevation, averaging around 680 meters (2,231 feet), influences local weather patterns and contributes to the dispersion – or concentration – of pollutants. Lātehār isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the surrounding region, providing localised humidity. The urban character is developing, transitioning from a primarily agricultural economy to include small-scale industrial activity, particularly related to stone crushing and brick kilns. This industrial growth, coupled with agricultural practices like crop residue burning, significantly impacts air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of dense Sal forests and cultivated land. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural villages immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means pollutants from agricultural sources are readily transported into Lātehār, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The city’s position within a valley can also trap pollutants during periods of low wind speed, leading to localised build-up.

Lātehār experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months (March to May) are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, but also exacerbate dust suspension from construction and unpaved roads. The dry conditions also encourage agricultural burning, releasing significant particulate matter. The arrival of the monsoon (June to September) brings a temporary respite. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants at lower altitudes. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollution as agricultural activities resume, including crop residue burning, and the cooler, drier air favours pollutant accumulation. Winter months (December-February) are characterised by fog and low wind speeds, creating stable atmospheric conditions that trap pollutants, particularly from domestic fuel burning and vehicular emissions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Monitoring local weather forecasts and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for protecting health.