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Māndu, a small town in the Garhwa district of Jharkhand, India, occupies a relatively isolated position within the state’s broader Chota Nagpur Plateau. Situated at coordinates 23.7946°N, 85.4687°E, the town’s elevation contributes to specific microclimatic conditions influencing air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, characterised by undulating terrain and dense sal forests, typical of this region. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Māndu is influenced by seasonal streams and groundwater availability, crucial for local agriculture. The urban-rural gradient is steep; Māndu itself is a small urban centre surrounded by agricultural lands and forested areas. This proximity to agricultural practices, including potential crop residue burning, is a key factor in localised air pollution. The region isn’t a major industrial belt, but small-scale brick kilns and stone crushing activities, common in Jharkhand for construction, contribute to particulate matter. The town’s location, shielded by hills in certain directions, can also lead to the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. Dust from unpaved roads and construction further exacerbates the situation. Understanding this geographical context is vital for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Māndu.

Māndu’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality due to stagnant air and the practice of agricultural residue burning after the harvest. Cooler temperatures and temperature inversions during these months trap pollutants near the ground. Winter, from December to February, brings relatively cleaner air, aided by moderate winds that disperse pollutants, though wood and biomass burning for heating can still contribute to localised smoke. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures, low humidity, and dust storms exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. The onset of the monsoon in June brings a significant improvement, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases humidity, suppressing dust. However, increased moisture can also promote fungal growth, impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are crucial for protecting health. The monsoon season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.