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Alnāvar, nestled in the state of Karnataka, India (15.4273°N, 74.7411°E), is a small city of approximately 21,502 residents. Geographically, it occupies a position within the undulating terrain of the Western Ghats foothills, a region characterised by lush vegetation and moderate elevation. The city’s location isn’t directly coastal, but benefits from the moderating influence of the Arabian Sea, though this influence diminishes with distance. Surrounding Alnāvar is a landscape dominated by agricultural lands – primarily areca nut, coconut, and spice plantations – interspersed with patches of deciduous forest. This agricultural intensity contributes to localised air quality concerns through biomass burning and fertilizer use. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Alnāvar itself is a relatively compact urban centre, quickly giving way to rural agricultural landscapes. The terrain, while not mountainous, creates localized variations in air flow, potentially trapping pollutants in valleys during calm conditions. The presence of smaller industries related to agricultural processing within and around Alnāvar adds to the potential for industrial emissions. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Alnāvar, as they directly influence pollutant dispersion and concentration.

Alnāvar experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Alnāvar is most favourable during the monsoon season (June-October). The heavy rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere, leading to cleaner air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and allergens. Post-monsoon (November-December) sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural activities resume, including crop residue burning. This is a period of moderate air quality. The dry season (January-May) presents the most significant air quality challenges. Lower rainfall and increased temperatures contribute to higher concentrations of dust and pollutants from agricultural and small-scale industrial sources. Temperature inversions, common during cooler mornings in the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. March and April are typically the worst months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these periods. Fog can also exacerbate pollution during cooler mornings. Health guidance focuses on using masks, staying indoors when pollution is high, and monitoring respiratory health.