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Ankola, a coastal town in Karnataka, India, rests at coordinates 14.6605°N, 74.3047°E, and is home to a population of approximately 34,502. Geographically, Ankola is defined by its proximity to the Arabian Sea, lying within the North Kanara district. The terrain is characterised by undulating hills of the Western Ghats descending towards the coastline, creating a landscape of lush greenery and riverine systems. The Kali River, a major waterway, significantly influences the local environment. Ankola’s urban character is that of a developing coastal town, serving as a trade hub for agricultural produce like cashew and mangoes from the hinterland. The surrounding landscape is dominated by dense forests and agricultural lands, with pockets of industrial activity related to cashew processing and minor port operations. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the town centre to agricultural fields and forested areas. This coastal location, while offering natural beauty, also presents unique air quality challenges. Sea breezes can disperse pollutants, but also trap them under temperature inversions, particularly during calmer periods. The Western Ghats act as a barrier, influencing wind patterns and potentially concentrating pollutants during certain weather conditions. The concentration of cashew processing units contributes to localised particulate matter emissions.

Ankola experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Ankola is most favourable during the monsoon season (June-September). The heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon also brings increased moisture, potentially fostering mould growth indoors. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual increase in pollution as dust settles and agricultural burning begins. This is a period of moderate air quality. The dry season (December-May) presents the most significant air quality challenges. From December to February, cooler temperatures can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. March to May are the worst months, with high temperatures, low humidity, and increased dust from construction and agricultural activities. Wind speeds are generally lower during this period, exacerbating the problem. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these months. Agricultural practices, particularly cashew husk burning, contribute significantly to particulate matter during the dry season. Avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise during peak pollution times is advisable, and using N95 masks can offer some protection.